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Studio Ghibli

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Studio Ghibli, Inc.
Native name
株式会社スタジオジブリ
Kabushiki-gaisha Sutajio Jiburi
Company typeSubsidiary (Kabushiki-gaisha)
Industry
  • Motion pictures
  • Video games
  • TV commercials
GenreAnime
PredecessorTopcraft
FoundedJune 15, 1985; 39 years ago (1985-06-15)
in Tokyo, Japan
Founders
HeadquartersKajino-chō,
Koganei, Tokyo
,
Japan
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
  • Hayao Miyazaki
    (Honorary Chairman)
  • Toshio Suzuki
    (Chairman)
  • Hiroyuki Fukuda
    (President)
  • Kiyofumi Nakajima (Vice President)
  • Gorō Miyazaki
    (Director)
ProductsAnimated feature films, animated short films, television films, commercials, live-action films
Increase¥3.43 billion (2023)[1]
Total assetsIncrease¥31.179 billion (2023)[1]
Number of employees
Increase190[2] (2023)
Parent
SubsidiariesStudio Kajino
Websitewww.ghibli.jp

Studio Ghibli, Inc. (Japanese: 株式会社スタジオジブリ, Hepburn: Kabushiki-gaisha Sutajio Jiburi)[3] is a Japanese animation studio based in Koganei, Tokyo.[4] It has a strong presence in the animation industry and has expanded its portfolio to include various media formats, such as short subjects, television commercials, and two television films. Their work has been well received by audiences and recognized with numerous awards. Their mascot and most recognizable symbol, the character Totoro from the 1988 film My Neighbor Totoro, is a giant spirit inspired by raccoon dogs (tanuki) and cats (neko).[5] Among the studio's highest-grossing films are Princess Mononoke (1997), Spirited Away (2001), Howl's Moving Castle (2004), Ponyo (2008), and The Boy and the Heron (2023).[6] Studio Ghibli was founded on June 15, 1985, by the directors Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata and producer Toshio Suzuki, after acquiring Topcraft's assets.

Four of the studio's films are among the ten highest-grossing Japanese feature films; Spirited Away is third, grossing 31.68 billion yen in Japan and over US$380 million worldwide. Three of their films have won the Animage Grand Prix award, four have won the Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year, and seven have received Academy Award nominations. Spirited Away won the 2002 Golden Bear and the 2003 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.[7] The Boy and the Heron won the 2024 Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film,[8] BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film,[9] and the 2024 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.[10]

Name

[edit]

The name "Ghibli" was chosen by Miyazaki from the Italian noun ghibli (also used in English), the nickname of Italy's Saharan scouting plane Caproni Ca.309, in turn derived from the Italianization of the Libyan Arabic name for a hot desert wind (قبلي qibliyy). The name was chosen by Miyazaki due to his passion for aircraft and also for the idea that the studio would "blow a new wind through the anime industry".[11][12] Although the Italian word would be more accurately transliterated as "Giburi" (ギブリ), with a hard g sound, the studio's name is written in Japanese as Jiburi (ジブリ, [dʑiꜜbɯɾi] ⓘ).[11]

History

[edit]

Tokuma Shoten era

[edit]
Hayao Miyazaki
Toshio Suzuki
Isao Takahata
Miyazaki, Suzuki, and Takahata founded Studio Ghibli in 1985, alongside Yasuyoshi Tokuma.

Founded on June 15, 1985, Studio Ghibli was headed by directors Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata and producer Toshio Suzuki. Miyazaki and Takahata had already had long careers in Japanese film and television animation and had worked together on The Great Adventure of Horus, Prince of the Sun in 1968 and the Panda! Go, Panda! films in 1972 and 1973. Suzuki had been an editor at Tokuma Shoten's Animage manga magazine.[13]

The studio was founded after the success of the 1984 film Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind. Suzuki was part of the film's production team, and founded Studio Ghibli with Miyazaki, who also invited Takahata to join them.[14][15][16]

The studio has mainly produced films by Miyazaki, with the second most prolific director being Takahata (most notably with Grave of the Fireflies). Other directors who have worked with Studio Ghibli include Yoshifumi Kondō, Hiroyuki Morita, Gorō Miyazaki, and Hiromasa Yonebayashi. Composer Joe Hisaishi has provided the soundtracks for most of Miyazaki's Studio Ghibli films. In their book Anime Classics Zettai!, Brian Camp and Julie Davis made note of Michiyo Yasuda as "a mainstay of Studio Ghibli's extraordinary design and production team".[17] At one time the studio was based in Kichijōji, Musashino, Tokyo.[18]

In August 1996, The Walt Disney Company and Tokuma Shoten formed a partnership wherein Walt Disney Studios would be the sole international distributor for Tokuma Shoten's Studio Ghibli animated films.[19] Under this agreement, Disney also agreed to finance 10% of the studio's production costs.[20] Since then, all three of the aforementioned films by Miyazaki at Studio Ghibli that were previously dubbed by Streamline Pictures have been re-dubbed by Disney.[21] On June 1, 1997, Tokuma Shoten Publishing consolidated its media operations by merging Studio Ghibli, Tokuma Shoten Intermedia software and Tokuma International under one location.[22]

Over the years, there has been a close relationship between Studio Ghibli and the magazine Animage, which regularly runs exclusive articles on the studio and its members in a section titled "Ghibli Notes". Artwork from Ghibli's films and other works are frequently featured on the cover of the magazine. Saeko Himuro's novel Umi ga Kikoeru was serialised in the magazine and subsequently adapted into Ocean Waves, Studio Ghibli's first animated feature-length film created for television. It was directed by Tomomi Mochizuki.[23]

In October 2001, the Ghibli Museum opened in Mitaka, Tokyo.[24] It contains exhibits based on Studio Ghibli films and shows animations, including a number of short Studio Ghibli films not available elsewhere.

The studio is also known for its strict "no-edits" policy in licensing their films abroad due to Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind being heavily edited for the film's release in the United States as Warriors of the Wind.[25][26]

Independent era

[edit]

Between 1999 and 2005, Studio Ghibli was a subsidiary brand of Tokuma Shoten; however, that partnership ended in April 2005, when Studio Ghibli was spun off from Tokuma Shoten and was re-established as an independent company with relocated headquarters.[27]

On February 1, 2008, Toshio Suzuki stepped down from the position of Studio Ghibli president, which he had held since 2005, and Koji Hoshino (former president of Walt Disney Japan) took over. Suzuki said he wanted to improve films with his own hands as a producer, rather than demanding this from his employees. Suzuki decided to hand over the presidency to Hoshino because Hoshino has helped Studio Ghibli to sell its videos since 1996 and has also aided the release of the Princess Mononoke film in the United States.[28] Suzuki still serves on the company's board of directors.[29]

Takahata developed a project for release after Gorō Miyazaki's (director of Tales from Earthsea and Hayao's son) The Tale of the Princess Kaguya – an adaptation of The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter. Miyazaki announced his retirement with The Wind Rises which is about the Mitsubishi A6M Zero and its creator,[30] but returned with The Boy and the Heron in 2023, earning the director his second Academy Award.

On Sunday, September 1, 2013, Hayao Miyazaki held a press conference in Venice to confirm his retirement, saying: "I know I've said I would retire many times in the past. Many of you must think, 'Once again.' But this time I am quite serious."[31]

In 2013, a documentary directed by Mami Sunada called The Kingdom of Dreams and Madness (Japanese: 夢と狂気の王国, Hepburn: Yume to kyōki no ōkoku) was created delving into the lives of those working at Studio Ghibli and the productions of the animated films The Wind Rises and The Tale of the Princess Kaguya, including storyboard sketching, inking, painting, and voice actor selection for the films.[32]

On January 31, 2014, it was announced that Gorō Miyazaki will direct his first anime television series, Sanzoku no Musume Rōnya, an adaptation of Astrid Lindgren's Ronia the Robber's Daughter for NHK. The series is computer-animated, produced by Polygon Pictures, and co-produced by Studio Ghibli.[33][34]

In March 2014, Toshio Suzuki retired as producer and assumed the new position of general manager. Yoshiaki Nishimura replaced Suzuki in the producer role.[35]

On August 3, 2014, Toshio Suzuki announced that Studio Ghibli would take a "brief pause" to re-evaluate and restructure in the wake of Miyazaki's retirement. He stated some concerns about where the company would go in the future.[36][37][38][39] This led to speculation that Studio Ghibli will never produce another feature film again. On November 7, 2014, Miyazaki stated, "That was not my intention, though. All I did was announce that I would be retiring and not making any more features."[40] Lead producer Yoshiaki Nishimura among several other staffers from Ghibli, such as director Hiromasa Yonebayashi, left to found Studio Ponoc in April 2015, working on the film Mary and the Witch's Flower.[41]

The 2016 animated fantasy film The Red Turtle, directed and co-written by Dutch-British animator Michaël Dudok de Wit in his feature film debut, was a co-production between Studio Ghibli and Wild Bunch.[42]

In February 2017, Toshio Suzuki announced that Hayao Miyazaki had come out of retirement to direct a new feature film with Studio Ghibli.[43]

On November 28, 2017, Koji Hoshino stepped down as president; he was replaced by Kiyofumi Nakajima (former Ghibli Museum director). Hoshino was then appointed as Chairman of Studio Ghibli.[44][45]

In May 2020, Toshio Suzuki confirmed that a new film from Gorō Miyazaki is in development at Studio Ghibli. On June 3, 2020, Studio Ghibli announced that the film would be an adaptation of the novel Earwig and the Witch by Diana Wynne Jones. The film was announced as the first full 3D CG animated Ghibli film and slated for a television premiere on NHK in late 2020.[46] The company had a net income of ¥1.253 billion, and a total asset worth ¥24.521 billion by August 2021.[47]

On November 1, 2022, the Studio Ghibli themed amusement park Ghibli Park opened.[48]

On April 4, 2023, Koji Hoshino announced that he had stepped down as chairman, and would serve as a representative director before planning to exit Studio Ghibli completely during the company's annual general shareholder's meeting in June, one month prior to the release of director Hayao Miyazaki's final movie The Boy and the Heron on July 14.[49] He also announced that Toshio Suzuki would be replacing Kiyofumi Nakajima as president of Studio Ghibli, assuming the role for the first time since 2008, while Nakajima would continue to serve as a director.[50] This change of management came about amidst reports that Suzuki had allegedly been mismanaging company funds by directing them towards his girlfriend's failed business ventures. This reportedly created tension between Suzuki and Hoshino, with the latter reportedly citing it as a long-term internal problem at the company since the couple met in 2013 and was the reason for his planned departure from the company, although a spokesperson for Studio Ghibli in a statement to Variety denied that Hoshino's departure had anything to do with these reports.[51][52][49] The source of the allegations came from the tabloid paper, Shūkan Josei and was not corroborated by the mainstream media in Japan.[53]

Nippon Television era

[edit]
Goro Miyazaki accepting the honorary Palme d'Or at the 2024 Cannes Film Festival

In October 2023, the studio became a subsidiary of Nippon Television Holdings, Inc.. Studio Ghibli's leadership transitioned to Hiroyuki Fukuda, a senior executive at NTV. Toshio Suzuki became chairman and Hayao Miyazaki became Honorary Chairman. Nippon TV acquired a 42.3% stake in Studio Ghibli. The decision was driven by the advanced ages of Miyazaki and Suzuki, aged 82 and 75, respectively. The studio had considered Miyazaki's son, Goro Miyazaki, as a successor but opted for external leadership due to concerns and Goro's reluctance. NTV started to handle management, allowing Studio Ghibli to focus on creative endeavors.[54][55] The takeover took effect on October 6.[56]

In 2024, the studio received an honorary Palme d'Or at the 2024 Cannes Film Festival, the first film production company to receive the award.[57][58]

Distribution rights

[edit]

Theatrical and home media rights

[edit]

Japan

[edit]

In Japan, most of the company's films are distributed by Toho theatrically, except for Castle in the Sky, Kiki's Delivery Service (which were distributed by Toei Company along with Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind) and My Neighbors the Yamadas, which was distributed by Shochiku.

For home media, a majority of Studio Ghibli releases are distributed by Walt Disney Studios Japan.[59] Pony Canyon occasionally releases Ghibli documentaries on home media, and also distributes rental versions of Ghibli's movies under a deal with Disney.[citation needed] Pony Canyon also fully distributed the standalone version of Earwig and the Witch on home media.[citation needed]

Before the Disney deal, Tokuma Shoten released Ghibli movies themselves through their "Animage Video" imprint, as well as all LaserDisc releases of the movies, as the Disney deal did not include that format.

International

[edit]

After purchasing the global distribution rights from World Film Corporation,[60] Manson International and Showmen, Inc. produced a 95-minute English dub of Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, titled Warriors of the Wind,[61] which was released theatrically in the United States by New World Pictures on June 14, 1985, followed by a VHS release in December 1985.[62][63] The voice actors and actresses were not credited, and the film was heavily edited to give it a faster pace.[64] The film received a PG rating just like Disney's later English dub.[65] By removing several of the longer dialogue scenes, some of the environmentalist themes were simplified as was the main subplot of the Ohmu, altered to remove Nausicaä's childhood connection to them.[66] Most of the characters' names were changed, including the titular character who became Princess Zandra. The North American poster and VHS cover featured a cadre of male characters who are not in the film, riding the resurrected God Warrior—including a still-living Warrior shown briefly in a flashback. Overall, approximately 22 minutes was cut for North American release.[65] Warriors of the Wind also prompted Miyazaki to allow translator Toren Smith of Studio Proteus to create an official, faithful translation of the Nausicaä manga for Viz Media.[67]

In the late 1980s, an English dub of Castle in the Sky was produced for international Japan Airlines flights at the request of Tokuma Shoten. The Castle dub was briefly screened in the United States by Streamline Pictures. Carl Macek, the head of Streamline, was disappointed with this dub, deeming it "adequate, but clumsy".[68] Following this, Tokuma allowed Streamline to dub their future acquisitions My Neighbor Totoro and Kiki's Delivery Service. In April 1993, Troma Films, under their 50th St. Films banner, distributed the Totoro dub as a theatrical release, and the dub was later released onto VHS and eventually onto DVD by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. In the early 1990s, an English dub of Porco Rosso was produced by Ward Sexton in Japan, again for international Japan Airlines flights.[69][70] The original dubs can be seen on the 1996 Ghibli ga Ippai Laserdisc set, the initial copies for the Japanese DVD releases of Totoro, Laputa and Porco, and Fox's VHS and DVD release of Totoro.

In 1996, Walt Disney Studios acquired worldwide distribution rights to the Studio Ghibli library, with Disney redubbing all previously dubbed films.[19][71] In addition, Walt Disney Studios Japan agreed to contribute 10% of the funding for all future releases, starting with My Neighbors the Yamadas, in exchange for right of first refusal regarding international distribution.[20] Disney continues with this practice to this day, even extending it to the works of Studio Ponoc and to co-productions like The Red Turtle in Japan. It reportedly took four years for Disney and Studio Ghibli to reach a distribution deal. Originally, the Ghibli films were meant to headline a line of videos called Animation Celebration, highlighting critically acclaimed animated films from around the world. These plans never materialized in full, but the Animation Celebration logo can be seen on Disney's original VHS release of Kiki's Delivery Service. During Disney's tenure, the studio produced the English dubs and released 15 of Ghibli's films, plus Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, through the Walt Disney Pictures, Buena Vista Home Video, Miramax and Touchstone Pictures banners.[72]

Disney and Ghibli have also selectively chosen not to promote and record an English-dubbed version for films and works deemed less internationally marketable, including some of Takahata's more developmental and obscure pieces.[73] Although the Studio has a "No cuts" policy in terms of international versions and dubs, this does not apply to promotional posters, etc., for which the film makers collaborate with Disney to produce cultural appropriate international versions. The Studio has not shied away from rebranding on the international stage in order to convey tweaked promotional imagery for different cultural norms. One example of these tweaks to international promotional materials can be seen between the Japanese and English versions of the movie poster for Spirited Away (2001). For American and other English-speaking audiences, the name of the film was changed from the Japanese version, which directly translates roughly to, "The Disappearance of Chihiro and Sen", to Spirited Away to suggest more mystical, otherworldly themes, since the direct Japanese translation could be taken to mean that Chihiro/Sen disappeared due to some more dangerous reason. On the American movie poster, more pictures of spirits from the film were added to the background to further pique the viewer's interest with more supernatural themes, creating an association between the pictures spirits and what most American people would think of as "ghosts". For the Japanese poster, there are fewer spirits as the Japanese Shinto religion normalizes the existence of spirits, so less emphasis is needed to convey the importance of non-human spirits. Also, Disney enlarged the "Studio Ghibli" and "Hayao Miyazaki" labels on the poster, helping to bring greater awareness to the studio through the success of Spirited Away.[74]

In 2011, GKIDS acquired the North American theatrical distribution rights of the aforementioned Ghibli films, with Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment retaining the home video rights.[75] Afterwards, in 2013, GKIDS acquired the US and Canadian distribution rights to From Up on Poppy Hill. The film, which Disney passed on to GKIDS due to dealing with potential incest, marked the first time since 1996 that Disney handed a Studio Ghibli film off to another distributor. Afterwards, GKIDS would go on to distribute the films Disney found to be too mature or unmarketable for American audiences: Only Yesterday, Ocean Waves, The Tale of the Princess Kaguya and When Marnie Was There. In July 2017, Disney relinquished its home video rights (with the exception of The Wind Rises, which remained with Disney until 2020 due to a distribution clause) to GKIDS, which handles all theatrical and home media distribution of Ghibli films in North America along with Mary and the Witch's Flower.[71] Nevertheless, Disney still continues to handle select distribution in Japan (home media), Taiwan and China.

GKIDS' home media releases have been handled by multiple distributors. Cinedigm distributed the home media release of Poppy Hill, Universal Pictures Home Entertainment distributed the home media releases of Kaguya, Marnie, Mary, Yesterday and Waves, and Shout! Factory all subsequent releases thus far. The Ghibli films owned by GKIDS were made available for digital purchases on most major services in the United States and Canada on December 17, 2019, through Shout! Factory.[76]

Outside Asia (including Japan) and North America since 2003, Goodfellas (a former subsidiary of Wild Bunch, formerly known as Wild Bunch International) has been Studio Ghibli's international sales holder.[77]

Individual rights to Ghibli's films are held by various third parties, including Elysian Film Group and Anonymous Content (United Kingdom and Ireland),[a] Wild Bunch (France and Belgium),[b][81] Leonine (Germany), Lucky Red (Italy), Vértigo Films (Spain),[c] Crunchyroll Store Australia (Australia and New Zealand)[d] and Encore Films/mm2 Entertainment[e] in Southeast Asia.

Notably, The Secret World of Arrietty received a second dub exclusive to the United Kingdom, produced by StudioCanal UK, likely due to the film's origins being from Mary Norton's British novel The Borrowers.

Disney formerly held international sales rights until they were sold off to Goodfellas (then Wild Bunch) in 2003. Disney kept the French distribution rights to Ghibli's library until September 2020, when it had expired and transitioned off to Wild Bunch.[83] Since 2021, Warner Bros. Home Entertainment serves as the home media distributor of Studio Ghibli's catalog via its distribution deal with Wild Bunch through the Wild Side Vidéo label.[84][85][86]

Streaming rights

[edit]

Prior to 2019, Studio Ghibli opted not to make its films available digitally, feeling that physical media and theatrical events like GKIDS' Studio Ghibli Fest would work more towards their goal of mindful care and curation for their films. Disney had previously lobbied for a streaming deal with Ghibli during their distribution tenure, but such attempts were never materialized.[72] The studio heads changed their minds after hearing a quote from American actor and director Woody Allen about how there should be multiple outlets for feature films.[87]

On October 17, 2019, Warner Bros. Discovery's HBO Max (now Max) announced it had acquired exclusive streaming rights to Studio Ghibli's catalogue in the United States as part of a deal with GKIDS; these films were available when the service launched in May 2020.[88] On January 20, 2020, it was announced that Netflix acquired the exclusive streaming rights to this catalogue in all regions where it operates except for the United States (in which Netflix does have streaming rights to The Castle of Cagliostro and Mary and the Witch's Flower), as part of a deal with Ghibli's international sales rights partner Wild Bunch. Seven of twenty-one films in the studio's catalogue were released on February 1, 2020, with the others following on March 1 and April 1.[89] Netflix then struck a separate deal with GKIDS for streaming rights in Canada which was announced on June 22, and came into effect on June 25 for most films.[90] As of 2024, no streaming rights deals have yet been announced for Studio Ghibli's home country of Japan, nor for markets such as China where neither Netflix nor HBO Max is available.

Grave of the Fireflies

[edit]

Most of the above deals exclude Grave of the Fireflies; unlike most of the other films, which were published by Tokuma Shoten, Grave of the Fireflies was produced and is owned by Shinchosha, which also had published the short story it was based on, and as such, fell into different rights holdings.[76] It was released in Japan on VHS by Buena Vista Home Entertainment under the Ghibli ga Ippai Collection on August 7, 1998. On July 29, 2005, a DVD release was distributed through Warner Home Video. Walt Disney Studios Japan released the complete collector's edition DVD on August 6, 2008. Walt Disney Studios Japan released the film on Blu-ray twice on July 18, 2012: one as a single release, and one in a two-film set with My Neighbor Totoro.[citation needed] StudioCanal released a Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on July 1, 2013.[91] Madman Entertainment released the film in Australia and New Zealand.[92]

It was released on VHS in North America by Central Park Media in a subtitled form on June 2, 1993.[93] They later released the film with an English dub on VHS on September 1, 1998 (the same day Disney released Kiki's Delivery Service in North America) and an all-Regions DVD (which also included the original Japanese with English subtitles) on October 7 the same year. It was later released on a two-disc DVD set (which once again included both the English dub and the original Japanese with English subtitles as well as the film's storyboards with the second disc containing more extensive Bonus Features) on October 8, 2002. It was released by Central Park Media one last time on December 7, 2004. Following the May 2009 bankruptcy and liquidation of Central Park Media,[94] ADV Films acquired the rights and re-released it on DVD on July 7, 2009.[95] Following the September 1, 2009 shutdown and re-branding of ADV,[96] their successor, Sentai Filmworks, rescued the film and released a remastered DVD on March 6, 2012.[97][98] A Blu-ray edition was released on November 20, 2012, featuring an all-new English dub produced by Seraphim Digital, along with a digital release that same year.[99] Netflix acquired the distribution rights to the film in 2024 and began featuring it for digital streaming outside of Japan on September 16, 2024.[100]

Works

[edit]
Main article: List of Studio Ghibli works

Horus and Cagliostro were the feature-length directorial debuts of Isao Takahata and Hayao Miyazaki respectively, and were produced by Toei Animation and TMS Entertainment years before the founding of Studio Ghibli.

Nausicaä was directed by Miyazaki at Topcraft, a studio which Miyazaki, Takahata and Toshio Suzuki later purchased and renamed Studio Ghibli. As a result, the film has often been rereleased and marketed as a Studio Ghibli movie.

The Red Turtle was a collaborative effort by Studio Ghibli with Dutch animator Michaël Dudok de Wit and was branded as a Studio Ghibli release internationally. It was distributed by Sony Pictures Classics in North and Latin America.

For the purposes of the list below, films that appear in Studio Ghibli's official filmography[101] are listed. Other Studio Ghibli productions are listed here.

Feature films

[edit]
Year Title Director Screenwriter(s) Producer(s) Composer Original release RT MC
1984 Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind Hayao Miyazaki Isao Takahata Joe Hisaishi March 11, 1984 90%[102] 86[103]
1986 Castle in the Sky August 2, 1986 96%[104] 78[105]
1988 My Neighbor Totoro Tōru Hara April 16, 1988 94%[106] 86[107]
Grave of the Fireflies Isao Takahata Michio Mamiya 100%[108] 94[109]
1989 Kiki's Delivery Service Hayao Miyazaki Joe Hisaishi July 29, 1989 98%[110] 83[111]
1991 Only Yesterday Isao Takahata Toshio Suzuki Katz Hoshi July 20, 1991 100%[112] 90[113]
1992 Porco Rosso Hayao Miyazaki Joe Hisaishi July 18, 1992 96%[114] 83[115]
1993 Ocean Waves Tomomi Mochizuki Keiko Niwa Shigeru Nagata May 5, 1993[A] 89%[116] 73[117]
1994 Pom Poko Isao Takahata Shang Shang Typhoon July 16, 1994 86%[118] 77[119]
1995 Whisper of the Heart Yoshifumi Kondō Hayao Miyazaki Yuji Nomi July 15, 1995 94%[120] 75[121]
1997 Princess Mononoke Hayao Miyazaki Joe Hisaishi July 12, 1997 93%[122] 76[123]
1999 My Neighbors the Yamadas Isao Takahata Akiko Yano July 17, 1999 78%[124] 75[125]
2001 Spirited Away Hayao Miyazaki Joe Hisaishi July 20, 2001 96%[126] 96[127]
2002 The Cat Returns Hiroyuki Morita Reiko Yoshida Toshio Suzuki
Nozomu Takahashi 		Yuji Nomi July 19, 2002 88%[128] 70[129]
2004 Howl's Moving Castle Hayao Miyazaki Toshio Suzuki Joe Hisaishi November 20, 2004 87%[130] 82[131]
2006 Tales from Earthsea Goro Miyazaki Goro Miyazaki
Keiko Niwa 		Tamiya Terashima July 29, 2006 38%[132] 47[133]
2008 Ponyo Hayao Miyazaki Joe Hisaishi July 19, 2008 91%[134] 86[135]
2010 Arrietty Hiromasa Yonebayashi Hayao Miyazaki
Keiko Niwa 		Cécile Corbel July 17, 2010 94%[136] 80[137]
2011 From Up on Poppy Hill Goro Miyazaki Satoshi Takebe July 16, 2011 87%[138] 71[139]
2013 The Wind Rises Hayao Miyazaki Joe Hisaishi July 20, 2013 88%[140] 83[141]
The Tale of the Princess Kaguya Isao Takahata Isao Takahata
Riko Sakaguchi 		Yoshiaki Nishimura November 23, 2013 100%[142] 89[143]
2014 When Marnie Was There Hiromasa Yonebayashi Hiromasa Yonebayashi
Keiko Niwa
Masashi Ando 		Takatsugu Muramatsu July 19, 2014 92%[144] 72[145]
2016 The Red Turtle[B] Michaël Dudok de Wit Michaël Dudok de Wit
Pascale Ferran 		Toshio Suzuki
Isao Takahata
Vincent Maraval
Pascal Caucheteux
Grégoire Sorlat 		Laurent Perez del Mar May 18, 2016 93%[146] 86[147]
2020 Earwig and the Witch Goro Miyazaki Keiko Niwa
Emi Gunji 		Toshio Suzuki Satoshi Takebe December 30, 2020[C]
August 27, 2021[D] 		28%[148] 46[149]
2023 The Boy and the Heron Hayao Miyazaki Joe Hisaishi July 14, 2023 97%[150] 92[151]
  1. ^ Originally broadcast on Nippon TV
  2. ^ Co-production with Wild Bunch[42]
  3. ^ First release on NHK General TV
  4. ^ Theatrical release

Television

[edit]
Year Title Director Screenwriter(s) Producer(s) Composer Broadcast date Notes
1987 The Story of Yanagawa's Canals Isao Takahata Susumu Kubo Michio Mamiya August 15, 1987 (NHK) Documentary
2014 Ronja, the Robber's Daughter Gorō Miyazaki Hiroyuki Kawasaki Nobuo Kawakami Satoshi Takebe October 11, 2014 – March 28, 2015 (NHK) Anime television series based on Ronia, the Robber's Daughter by Astrid Lindgren
2022 Zen – Grogu and Dust Bunnies[152] Katsuya Kondô Tomohiko Ishii Ludwig Göransson November 12, 2022 (Disney+) A Star Wars short film by Ghibli and Lucasfilm

Style and themes

[edit]
Further information: Hayao Miyazaki § Themes

Studio Ghibli films are mostly hand-drawn using rich watercolor and acrylic paints. The films use traditional methods of making animation where every frame is drawn and colored by hand. Computer animation techniques are used sparingly.[153] All the Studio Ghibli films use bright colors,[154][155] and have a "whimsical and joyful aesthetic".[156] Studio Ghibli's art style tends to be more of a cozy European style that put a lot of undertones on the background and nature in the scene.[157] A notable exception is The Tale of the Princess Kaguya, directed by Takahata, which departs from Ghibli's typical style by employing a soft watercolor palette and storybook-like aesthetic reminiscent of Japanese folk art. This approach aimed to reflect the emotions and inner struggles of the characters and highlight the hand-drawn animation.[158]

The films often focus on the lives of youth, especially school children. Common themes include the risks posed by progress to tradition,[159] environmentalism and the natural world,[159][156] independent female protagonists,[154] the cost of war, and youth.[155]

Music

[edit]

Much of Studio Ghibli's music is composed by Joe Hisaishi, who has worked with Miyazaki on creating the music for his films for over 30 years. He uses storyboard images, provided by Miyazaki, to create an image album,[160] which is then used to build out the final soundtrack for the movie. The music has elements from Baroque counterpoint, jazz, and modal music[161] to create the unique sound that many associate with both Hisaishi and Studio Ghibli. Early on, the music in the films was known for its eclectic, synth sound, before later moving to more motivic and melody-driven music.[162] Especially present in earlier years, the music does not directly relate to the emotions and rhythms happening on screen.[162] Another defining feature is Hisaishi's unique use of leitmotif, rather than a singular song being associated with one character, the motif is the theme of the film.[163] Hisaishi began using leitmotif in Ghibli films first in Howl's Moving Castle.[162]

Notable animators, background artists and character designers

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Currently, this deal only includes Earwig and the Witch (owned solely by Elysian), My Neighbor Totoro (under the title My Neighbour Totoro),[78] Spirited Away,[79] Howl's Moving Castle[79] and The Boy and the Heron (under a three-way partnership with Bleecker Street[80]). StudioCanal UK formerly distributed Ghibli's films in the United Kingdom, until the contract ended following a lawsuit between them and Goodfellas in December 2022. The StudioCanal deal also included DVD and Blu-ray distribution of The Great Adventure of Horus, Prince of the Sun and The Castle of Cagliostro, the first full-length feature films directed by Isao Takahata and Hayao Miyazaki, respectively.
  2. ^ Home video rights are held by Wild Bunch subsidiary Wild Side, with Warner Bros. Home Entertainment as distributor.
  3. ^ Co-distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment as of 2018.
  4. ^ Until 2019, Madman Entertainment through its former Madman Anime Group division handled distribution of Ghibli's films in Australia and New Zealand.
  5. ^ Currently, the Encore Films deal only covers current releases where titles are theatrically co-distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures in India as well as key markets in Southeast Asia beginning with The Boy and the Heron while mm2 handles catalog distribution in Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, and Cambodia.[82]

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Further reading

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Documentaries

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