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Gulen (municipality)

Coordinates: 61°01′27″N 05°07′10″E / 61.02417°N 5.11944°E / 61.02417; 5.11944
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Gulen (disambiguation).
Gulen Municipality
Gulen kommune
Municipality
Evindvig herred  (historic name)
View of Eivindvik (photo: Bjarne Thune)
View of Eivindvik (photo: Bjarne Thune)
Flag of Gulen Municipality
Flag
Coat of arms of Gulen Municipality
Coat of arms
Vestland within Norway
Vestland within Norway
Gulen within Vestland
Gulen within Vestland
Coordinates: 61°01′27″N 05°07′10″E / 61.02417°N 5.11944°E / 61.02417; 5.11944
CountryNorway
CountyVestland
DistrictSogn
Established1 Jan 1838
 • Created asFormannskapsdistrikt
Administrative centreEivindvik
Government
 • Mayor (2023)May-Lynn Osland (Ap)
Area
 • Total
599.42 km2 (231.44 sq mi)
 • Land577.11 km2 (222.82 sq mi)
 • Water22.31 km2 (8.61 sq mi)  3.7%
 • Rank#190 in Norway
Population
 (2023)
 • Total
2,228
 • Rank#265 in Norway
 • Density3.9/km2 (10/sq mi)
 • Change (10 years)
Decrease −3.3%
DemonymGuling[1]
Official language
[2]
 • Norwegian formNynorsk
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeNO-4635[3]
WebsiteOfficial website
Data from Statistics Norway

Gulenⓘ is a municipality in the western part of Vestland county, Norway. It is part of the traditional district of Sogn. The administrative center of the municipality is the village of Eivindvik. Other villages in Gulen include Brekke, Byrknes, Dalsøyra, Dingja, Instefjord, Mjømna, Rutledal, and Ytre Oppedal.

The municipality of Gulen sits to the south of the Sognefjorden and it surrounds the Gulafjorden, which is considered to be the place where Norway's west-coastal Vikings met for the Gulating, a governing body. The area along the Gulafjorden called Flolid (just east of the village of Eivindvik) is now a national historic place, where an open-air theater and annual summer play commemorates the Vikings who gathered there 1000 years ago to accept Christianity.

The 599-square-kilometre (231 sq mi) municipality is the 190th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Gulen is the 265th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,228. The municipality's population density is 3.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (10/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 3.3% over the previous 10-year period.[4][5]

In 2016, the chief of police for Vestlandet formally suggested a reconfiguration of police districts and stations. He proposed that the police station in Gulen be closed.[6]

General information

[edit]
One of the stone crosses near Eivindvik
View of the lake Dingevatn
View of some old boathouses near Byrknes (photo: Frode Inge Helland)

Evindvig was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). The municipality of 1838 was created to be identical to the Evindvig parish (prestegjeld) that included the three sub-parishes (sokn) of Evindvig, Brekke, and Husøy. The sub-parish of Brekke (population: 898) was separated from the municipality in 1850 to form a municipality of its own, leaving a total of 3,944 residents in Evindvig. (Later, Brekke was merged with Lavik as the municipality of Lavik og Brekke. This was short-lived and Brekke later became a separate municipality once again.) In 1858, the sub-parish of Husøy (population: 1,384) was separated from Evindvig to form its own municipality called Utvær (renamed Solund in 1923). This left Evindvig with 3,018 inhabitants. On 1 July 1890, the name of Evindvig municipality was officially changed to Gulen.[7]

During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the municipality of Brekke (population: 782) was merged (back) with Gulen. Also on that same date, the island of Losna (population: 40) was transferred from Gulen to the neighboring municipality of Solund. After these changes, Gulen had a population of 3,250.[7][8]

On 1 January 2020, the municipality became part of the newly created Vestland county after Sogn og Fjordane and Hordaland counties were merged.

Name

[edit]

The municipality (originally the parish) was originally named after the old Evindvig farm (Old Norse: Eyvindarvík, now spelled Eivindvik) since the first Evindvig Church was built there. The first element is derived from the male name Eyvindr. The last element is vík which means "small bay", "cove", or "inlet". In 1891, the municipal name was changed to Gulen (Old Norse: Guli) which was the original name of the local Gulafjorden. The name is probably derived from the word gul which means "(strong) wind" or "gale".[9]

Coat of arms

[edit]

The coat of arms was granted on 9 February 1990. The official blazon is "Azure, two Latin crosses formée argent" (Norwegian: På blå grunn to utbøygde sølv krossar). This means the arms have a blue field (background) and the charge is a set of two Latin crosses that are designed as a cross formée. The charge has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The crosses represent the two stone crosses found near the village of Eivindvik that are believed to be about 1000 years old, erected there in 1023 after the Vikings who met at the Gulating gathering embraced Christianity. These are some of the oldest monuments to Christianity still existing in Norway. One of the crosses was damaged by a falling tree in 2012. The arms were designed by Even Jarl Skoglund. The municipal flag has the same design as the coat of arms.[10][11][12]

Churches

[edit]

The Church of Norway has three parishes(sokn) within the municipality of Gulen. It is part of the Nordhordland prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin.

Churches in Gulen
Parish (sokn) Church name Location of the church Year built
Brekke Brekke Church Brekke 1862
Gulen Gulen Church Eivindvik 1863
Mjømna Mjømna Church Mjømna 1901

Schools

[edit]

The roughly 2,500 residents live scattered throughout the municipality and are divided into four school districts: Brekke, Eivindvik, Dalsøyra, and Byrknes.[13]

Government

[edit]

Gulen Municipality is responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, welfare and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council.[14] The municipality is under the jurisdiction of the Sogn og Fjordane District Court and the Gulating Court of Appeal.

Municipal council

[edit]

The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Gulen is made up of 21 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by political party.

Gulen kommunestyre 2023–2027 [15]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 4
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 7
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 7
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 1
Total number of members:21
Gulen kommunestyre 2019–2023 [16]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 4
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 6
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 9
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 1
Total number of members:21
Gulen kommunestyre 2015–2019 [17]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 3
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 5
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 9
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:21
Gulen kommunestyre 2011–2015 [18]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 2
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet) 1
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 5
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 8
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:21
Gulen kommunestyre 2007–2011 [17]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 3
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 4
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 5
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 6
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:21
Gulen kommunestyre 2003–2007 [17]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 4
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 4
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 5
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 5
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:21
Gulen kommunestyre 1999–2003 [17]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 5
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 4
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 5
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 4
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:21
Gulen kommunestyre 1995–1999 [19]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 3
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 2
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 3
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 10
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:21
Gulen kommunestyre 1991–1995 [20]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 4
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 3
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 3
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 8
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:21
Gulen kommunestyre 1987–1991 [21]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 7
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 5
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 3
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 7
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:25
Gulen kommunestyre 1983–1987 [22]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 6
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 6
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 3
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 7
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:25
Gulen kommunestyre 1979–1983 [23]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 4
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 7
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 3
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 7
 Non-political common list (Upolitisk Fellesliste)4
Total number of members:25
Gulen kommunestyre 1975–1979 [24]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 3
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 3
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 9
 Non-party common list (Upolitiske Fellesliste)10
Total number of members:25
Gulen kommunestyre 1971–1975 [25]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 6
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 4
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 8
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 6
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 1
Total number of members:25
Gulen kommunestyre 1967–1971 [26]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 6
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 1
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 4
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 9
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 9
Total number of members:29
Gulen kommunestyre 1963–1967 [27]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 5
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 9
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 8
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 7
Total number of members:29
Gulen heradsstyre 1959–1963 [28]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 6
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 7
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 6
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 9
Total number of members:29
Gulen heradsstyre 1955–1959 [29]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 7
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 1
  Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet) 8
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 7
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 6
Total number of members:29
Gulen heradsstyre 1951–1955 [30]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 8
  Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet) 11
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 13
Total number of members:32
Gulen heradsstyre 1947–1951 [31]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 5
  Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet) 8
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 11
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 8
Total number of members:32
Gulen heradsstyre 1945–1947 [32]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 4
  Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet) 5
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 8
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 15
Total number of members:32
Gulen heradsstyre 1937–1941* [33]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 5
  Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet) 6
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 9
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 12
Total number of members:32
Note: Due to the German occupation of Norway during World War II, no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945.

Mayors

[edit]

The mayors (Nynorsk: ordførar) of Gulen:[34]

  • 1838–1849: Niels Griis Alstrup Dahl
  • 1850–1851: Rognald Pederson Haugland
  • 1852–1853: Niels Alstrup
  • 1854–1855: Rognald Pederson Haugland
  • 1856–1857: Nathanael Sunde Ross
  • 1858–1877: Rognald Pederson Haugland
  • 1878–1879: Mikal L. Vadsø
  • 1880–1881: Otto L. Midthun
  • 1882–1885: Mikal L. Vadsø
  • 1886–1889: Gjert J. Grinde
  • 1890–1910: Anders Hantveit
  • 1911–1931: Hans K. Rutledal
  • 1932–1941: Henrik H. Tveit
  • 1945–1945: Henrik H. Tveit
  • 1946–1946: Søren Randal
  • 1947–1963: Ludvik J. Kjellevold
  • 1964–1967: Søren Randal
  • 1968–1971: John L. Kjellevold
  • 1971–1975: Harald Takle (V)
  • 1976–1978: Ola Byrknes (Sp)
  • 1978-1983: Olav Solheim (Ap)
  • 1983-1999: Ola Byrknes (Ap)
  • 1999-2011: Trude Brosvik (KrF)
  • 2011–2023: Hallvard S. Oppedal (Sp)
  • 2023-present: May-Lynn Osland (Ap)[35]

Geography

[edit]
View of the Eidsfjorden
View of the Rutle area in northern Gulen (photo: Bjarne Thune)

Gulen has an area of about 600 square kilometres (230 sq mi) including about 1500 small islands, islets, and skerries. The largest of the islands are Byrknesøyna, Hiserøyna, Mjømna, and Sandøyna.[36] The mainland is characterized by small valleys and large mountains crossing the landscape. The lake Dingevatn is one of Norway's deepest lakes.

Gulen is bounded on the north by the Sognefjorden and the Sognesjøen, and to the south by the Fensfjorden with the North Sea to the west of the municipality. Gulen is bordered by the municipalities of Solund and Hyllestad to the north (across the Sognefjorden), by Høyanger to the east, and by Austrheim (across the Fensfjorden), Lindås, and Masfjorden to the south.

The area is a geological region that contains a relatively low nutrition content ground, which characterizes the types of flora. The moors, which are frequently covered with wild purple heather, are the dominating picture of the area. Due to the large quantity of rain in the area, there are many types of moss and lichen in Gulen.[37] Most of the land in Gulen is very mountainous and inhospitable.

Land use in Gulen
Land type Percent
Agricultural 4%
Forest 19%
Water 3%
Other 74%

Climate

[edit]

Gulen has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification), also known as a marine west coast climate. Gulen is among the wettest areas of Norway, with almost 3,000 millimetres (120 in) of annual precipitaiton, and on average 202 days annually with precipitation, mostly as rain. Wettest season is autumn and winter, and December the wettest month. The average date for the last overnight freeze (low below 0 °C (32.0 °F)) in spring is 19 April[38] and average date for first freeze in autumn is 31 October[39] giving a frost-free season of 194 days (1981-2010 average). The Takle weather station started recording in June 1950.

Climate data for Takle 1991–2020 (38 m)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.4
(39.9) 		3.9
(39.0) 		5.5
(41.9) 		9.1
(48.4) 		12.9
(55.2) 		16.1
(61.0) 		18.1
(64.6) 		17.7
(63.9) 		14.6
(58.3) 		10.3
(50.5) 		7
(45) 		4.9
(40.8) 		10.4
(50.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.2
(36.0) 		1.7
(35.1) 		3
(37) 		5.7
(42.3) 		9.3
(48.7) 		12.5
(54.5) 		14.6
(58.3) 		14.4
(57.9) 		11.7
(53.1) 		7.8
(46.0) 		4.8
(40.6) 		2.8
(37.0) 		7.5
(45.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.2
(32.4) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		0.6
(33.1) 		2.9
(37.2) 		5.8
(42.4) 		9.3
(48.7) 		11.7
(53.1) 		11.6
(52.9) 		9.2
(48.6) 		5.4
(41.7) 		2.7
(36.9) 		0.8
(33.4) 		5.0
(41.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 351
(13.8) 		285
(11.2) 		261
(10.3) 		170
(6.7) 		137
(5.4) 		129
(5.1) 		148
(5.8) 		190
(7.5) 		269
(10.6) 		313
(12.3) 		336
(13.2) 		370
(14.6) 		2,959
(116.5)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 20 17 18 14 14 13 15 17 17 18 19 20 202
Source 1: yr.no/Met.no [40]
Source 2: Noaa WMO averages 91-2020 Norway [41]

Economy

[edit]

Historically, Gulen's economy has been centered around farming and fishing. More recently, Gulen has become important because of its close proximity to the Mongstad industrial area which includes many oil refineries operated by Statoil, Shell Oil, and other oil companies. Other factories and industries in Gulen include Wergeland-Halsvik, Baker Oil Tools, Johnny Birkeland Transport, and Vest Tank. There are many other small businesses located in Gulen today.

Attractions

[edit]

Tusenårsstedet Gulatinget

[edit]
Tusenårsstedet Gulatinget

The Gulating was a legislative assembly which met regularly for a period of at least five hundred years in Gulen on the shores of the Gulafjorden. In 1300, the assembly was moved to Bergen. The members of the assembly represented the farmers of Western Norway. This was where important political issues were discussed and decisions were made. The old assembly was also used as a law court for both civil and criminal cases. The Gulating was thus related to the representative institutions of today such as the municipal council and the Norwegian Parliament, Storting.[42]

A sculpture park was built in Flolid in Gulen in order to commemorate the Gulating legislative assembly. Norwegian sculptor Bård Breivik was responsible for the artistic elements which were opened by the public during August 2005. The park is a work of art in its own right that is used as the setting for outdoor dance and musical performances in beautiful and unique natural surroundings.[43]

Sellevåg Wooden Shoe Factory

[edit]

Wooden shoes were produced in Sellevåg from 1899 to 1975. The factory was powered by water in the Sellevåg Lake. The wooden shoe factory is still there with all its production equipment intact. A guided tour with demonstration can be arranged on request.[43]

Trondheim Post-Road

[edit]

The historic mail route from Bergen and Trondheim, The post-road goes through the municipalities of Fjaler, Hyllestad and Gulen. Built between 1801 and 1806, it passes over many beautiful stone bridges.[43]

Notable people

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.
  2. ^ "Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.
  3. ^ Bolstad, Erik; Thorsnæs, Geir, eds. (26 January 2023). "Kommunenummer". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget.
  4. ^ Statistisk sentralbyrå. "Table: 06913: Population 1 January and population changes during the calendar year (M)" (in Norwegian).
  5. ^ Statistisk sentralbyrå. "09280: Area of land and fresh water (km²) (M)" (in Norwegian).
  6. ^ Fjelltveit, Ingvild; Raunholm, Per Vidar (20 December 2016). "Foreslår å legge ned 17 lensmannskontor i Vest politidistrikt". NRK Hordaland (in Norwegian). Retrieved 20 October 2017.
  7. ^ a b Jukvam, Dag (1999). Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå. ISBN 9788253746845.
  8. ^ Natvik, Oddvar (9 February 2005). "Some historical data on the 26 Kommunes". Archived from the original on 13 June 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2008.
  9. ^ Rygh, Oluf (1919). Norske gaardnavne: Nordre Bergenhus amt (in Norwegian) (12 ed.). Kristiania, Norge: W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri. pp. 190–195.
  10. ^ "Civic heraldry of Norway - Norske Kommunevåpen". Heraldry of the World. 7 April 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  11. ^ "Gulen, Sogn og Fjordane (Norway)". Flags of the World. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  12. ^ "Godkjenning av våpen og flagg". Lovdata.no (in Norwegian). Norges kommunal- og arbeidsdepartementet. 9 February 1990. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  13. ^ "Skular i Gulen kommune" (in Norwegian). Scandion.no. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
  14. ^ Hansen, Tore; Vabo, Signy Irene, eds. (20 September 2022). "kommunestyre". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
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  16. ^ "Kommunestyrevalg 2019 – Vestland". Valgdirektoratet. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  17. ^ a b c d "Table: 04813: Members of the local councils, by party/electoral list at the Municipal Council election (M)" (in Norwegian). Statistics Norway.
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  20. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1991" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1993. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
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  28. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1960. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
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  33. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1938. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  34. ^ "Ordførarar i Gulen kommune". NRK Fylkesleksikon (in Norwegian Nynorsk). Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  35. ^ "Arbeidarpartiet tek over ordførarvervet i Gulen". NRK (in Norwegian). 14 September 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  36. ^ Statistics Norway (1 January 2008). "Figures on Gulen Municipality". Archived from the original on 1 October 2007. Retrieved 3 June 2008.
  37. ^ Scandion.no. "Gulen - møtestad for lov og rett" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 3 June 2008.
  38. ^ "Siste frostnatt om våren". 4 May 2012.
  39. ^ "Første frostnatt". 25 September 2013.
  40. ^ "yr.no statistics Takle". yr.no. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
  41. ^ "NOAA WMO normals Norway 1991-2020".
  42. ^ Gulatingsloven (Store norske leksikon)
  43. ^ a b c GoNorway.no. "Gulen in Sogn og Fjordane". Retrieved 3 June 2008.
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